Date:04/16/2019

What the term means: There are three types of evaluation. “Controlled settings users are the users’ activities that are controlled in order to test hypothesis and measure or observe certain behaviors. Natural settings involving users are when there is little or no control of users’ activities in order to determine how the product would be used in the real world. Any settings not involve users which is the aspects of interface in order to identify the most obvious usability problem” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.357).

Reflection on the Topic

1. There are three evaluations. Controlled settings involving users enable elevators to control what users do, when they do it, and for how long. Natural settings involving users deals with field studies, and any setting not involving users where the researchers has to imagine or model how an interface is likely to be used. It is also important to know about the case studies. It provides examples of how different evolution methods are used in a variety of physical settings that involve users in different ways to answer various kinds of questions.                                                   
2. “Case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences. There is no one definition of case study research However, very simply… ‘a case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units’.¹ A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community or some other unit in which the researcher examines in-depth data relating to several variables”( Heale, R., & Twycross, A).
3. There are many steps to the case study that one must follow in order to solve that case study!

My Thought

“The case studies are used to observe users and to solve many cases. Detectives used case studies to solve many of their cases. Experiments are typically conducted in research labs to test hypotheses” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018, January 01). What is a case study? Retrieved from https://ebn.bmj.com/content/21/1/7

Date:04/08/2019

What the term means: “Open source software refers to source code for components, frameworks, or whole systems hat is unavailable for reuse or modification free of charge” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.447). The goal of requirement activity is to make requirements as specific, unambiguous, and clear. It is a community-driven endeavor in which individuals produce.

Reflection on the Topic

1. Open Source resources are for the individual to produce, maintain, and enhance code, which is then given back to the community through an open source reposition for further development and use. Many large piece of software underlying global digital are powered by open source projects. Also, design patterns capture design experience, but they have different structure and different philosophy from other forms of guidance. Design patterns is basically a solution to a problem in a context.
2. “Agile UX pay more attention on the high efficiency of the communication between all those involved, software delivery and development”(Digital,M).
3. The principles of AgileUX were set out by software developers for software developers. It has many process, and this picture represent an example of the process of AgileUX.

My Thought

“Open Source resources are same thing as source code. Design patterns are used to represent some of the best practices adapted by experienced object-oriented software developers” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Digital, M. (2016, March 08). How to create an Agile UX design process. Retrieved from https://manifesto.co.uk/agile-ux/

 Date:04/02/2019

What the term means: Prototype is most important part when improving a design, website, etc. “A prototype is one manifestation of a design that allows stakeholders to interact with it and to explore its suitability; it is limited in that a prototype will usually emphasize one set of product characteristics and de-emphasize others” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p. 356).

Reflection on the Topic

1. There are two kinds of prototypes: high-fidelity and low-fidelity. A high-fidelity prototype is like final product and provides more functionality than low-fidelity. A low-fidelity is not a final product and it does not provide the same functionality. Low-fidelity prototypes are useful because they are simple, cheap, and quickly produced. High-fidelity prototypes are useful for selling ideas to people and testing technical issues.
2. “Low-fidelity prototypes, for example, are simple and low-tech concepts. All you need to get started is a pen and paper. The goal is to turn your ideas into testable artifacts that you can then use to collect and analyze feedback in the early stages. On the other hand, high-fidelity prototypes are highly functional and interactive. They are very close to the final product, with most of the necessary design assets and components developed and integrated”(invisionapp.com).
3. This picture shows that low-fidelity has many piece and high-fidelity has one piece put up together.

My Thought

“High-fidelity prototype is the final product and much creative than low-fidelity. It can be developed by modifying and integrating existing components which includes hardware and software. Low-fidelity does not require much work, they are important in early stages of development. Most people would prefer low-fidelity since it does not require much work and it’s short and simple” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Low-fidelity vs. high-fidelity prototyping. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.invisionapp.com/inside-design/low-fi-vs-hi-fi-prototyping/

Date:03/26/2019

What the term means: We all have heard about the term requirements. “A requirement is a statement about an intended product that specifies what it should do or how it should perform” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.353). The goal of requirement activity is to make requirements as specific, unambiguous, and clear.

Reflection on the Topic:

1. There are many different kinds of requirements. Two different kinds of requirements have traditionally been identified: functional requirements and non-functional. Functional means what the system should and, whereas non-functional requirements is what constraints there are on the system and its development. Data gathering for requirements is also an important aspect of this part. The purpose of it is to collect sufficient, relevant, and appropriate data so that a set of stable requirements can be produced.

2. “Non-functional requirements cover all the remaining requirements which are not covered by functional requirements. They specify criteria that judge the operating of a system, rather than specific behaviors, for example: Modified data in a database should be updated for all users accessing it within 2 seconds”(functional requirements vs nonfunctional”.

3. This chart gives a pretty good idea about what is the difference between non-functional and functional requirements. We can clearly see that there is a lot of difference between these two terms.

My Thought

“Functional requirement and non-functional requirements are the two main kinds of requirements that we should learn about. Functional requirement capture what the product should do. Non-functional requirement is what constraints that there are on the system and its development” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. OSSCube Follow. (2015, May 22). Non functional requirements. do we really care…? Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/osscube/non-functional-requirements-do-we-really-care
3. Functional Requirements vs Non Functional Requirements . (2018, October 29). Retrieved from https://reqtest.com/requirements-blog/functional-vs-non-functional-requirements/

Date: 03/12/2019

What the term means:

Evaluation is the part of interaction design. “Evaluation is the process of determining the usability and acceptability of the product or design that is measured in terms of a variety of usability and user experience criteria” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.331). Evaluation does not replace the activities concerned with quality assurance and testing.

Reflection on the Topic

1. There are four basic steps in interaction design that everyone must know. They are: establishing requirements, designing alternatives, prototyping, and evaluation. Establishing requirements are when we must know who out the target users and what kind of support an inactive product could usually provide. Designing alternatives is the core activity of designing. It can be viewed as conceptual design and concrete design. Prototyping can be used in many different ways. They have different prototype techniques when working in a project. Evaluation is when the usability and acceptability is measured.
2. “The User-centered design (UCD) process outlines the phases throughout a design and development life-cycle all while focusing on gaining a deep understanding of who will be using the product” (user-center design basics).
3. There are four stages of user-centered design.

My Thought

“There are many processes of interaction design. They all are described in different steps such as analysis, design, evaluation, and implementation. User-centered approach is also involved in this chapter since it is related to the interaction design” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. User-Centered Design Basics. (2017, April 03). Retrieved from https://www.usability.gov/what-and-why/user-centered-design.html

3.What is User Centered Design? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.interaction- design.org/literature/topics/user-centered-design

Date 03/05/2019

What the term means: Theoretical Frameworks include Grounded Theory. “Grounded Theory is an approach to qualitative data analysis that aims to develop theory from the systematic analysis and interpretation of empirical data” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.303). The purpose of grounded theory is to set a collected data

Reflection on the Topic

1. There are steps of taking the interviews such as through questionnaires and observations. The interviews could be taking using audio recordings. Interviewer notes, or video recordings. Questionnaires are the written responses and online database. For observations, photographs, audio and videos recordings, data logs could be used. Also, mean, median, and mode data is used to present a chart. It could be used to compare the data with one and other.

2. “Grounded theory is a research tool which enables you to seek out and conceptualize the latent social patterns and structures of your area of interest through the process of constant comparison. Initially you will use an inductive approach to generate substantive codes from your data, later your developing theory will suggest to you where to go next to collect data and which, more-focused, questions to ask”(groundedtheoryonline.com).

3. This video gives a very good explanation of the grounded theory. It briefly explains what it is and the importance of it.

My Thought:

“Data analysis uses many different kinds of data collect them. It uses many charts to compare the participants answers. The data helps the reader to compare and contrast between people’s opinion on something. (Firdous Ghani, 2019)

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond humancomputer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.groundedtheoryonline.com/what-isgrounded-theory/

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcpxaLQDnLk

Date 02/26/2019

What the term means:

Structured Interviews are used for data gathering part of the process. “the interviewer asks predetermined questions similar to those in a questionnaire, and the same questions are used with each participant so the study is standardized” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p.234). The questions should be short and clear for this part of processing.

Reflection on the Topic

1. For structured interviews, different kinds of questions are being asked such as “do you shop online?”. Structured interviews should be asked word to word for every participant. There are many other kinds of interviews such as unstructured interviews and semi-structured interviews; they have different definitions and ways of being interviewed

. 2. “A structured interview is a standardized way of interviewing job candidates based on the specific needs of the job they are applying for. Candidates are asked the same questions in the same order. Candidates are all compared on the same scale” (structured interviews).

3. Structured interviews are to compare there answers with each other which is the reason why every participant will have to answer the exact same question.

My Thought: “There are three different structured interviews: unstructured interviews, structured interviews, and semi-structured interviews. They all have different ways of taking the interviews from the participant. Depending on which interview you want to take, you will have to do that interview.” (Firdous Ghani, 2019).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond humancomputer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

2. Structured Interviews – Complete Guide w/ Sample Questions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.betterteam.com/structured-interviews

3. Structured Interview Questions: The Ultimate Interview Guides. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://newtonsoftware.com/structured-hiring/

What the term means: Virtual Reality is about computer-generated graphical simulations. “VR is a generic term that refers to the experience of interacting with an artificial environment, which makes it feel virtually real” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p. 178). Current VR technology most commonly uses Virtual Reality Headsets.

Reflection on the Topic

This section is a personal reflection on the knowledge you gained about the core topic or term being studied in module. The reflection should include:

1. VR stands for Virtual Reality. It provides many opportunities for new kinds of immersive experience which allow users to interact with 3D or 2D graphical interface. It has many advantages such as it can have different viewpoints and illusions can appear to be real-life like objects. The old VR was developed using head-mounted displays, but since they were uncomfortable to wear, they developed headsets which are much better than the old ones.
2. “Modern VR headsets fit under one of two categories: Mobile or tethered. Mobile headsets are shells with lenses into which you place your smartphone. The lenses separate the screen into two images for your eyes, turning your smartphone into a VR device. Mobile headsets like the Samsung Gear VR and the Google Daydream View are relatively inexpensive at around $100, and because all of the processing is done on your phone, you don’t need to connect any wires to the headset “(GreenWald, W).
3. Matterport 3D Spaces are one of the top 5 Virtual Reality examples.  It’s entirely new form of immersive media invites users to take virtual tours and explore places as if they were really there.

My Thought

“Virtual Reality is to look around the artificial world, play with it, and interact with virtual features. Many people use VR today for gaming, and they are available in different formats. VR headsets were first introduced by video games companies which is being used still” (Firdous Ghani, 2018).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. Greenwalk, W.(2018, September 18). The best VR (Virtual Reality) Headsets for 2019. Retrieved from https://www.pcmag.com/article/342537/the-best-virtual-reality-vr-headsets

User experience is the understanding and meanings behind how a product “Behaves and is used by people in the real world” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p. 132). It creates knowledge behind what or how end users react and perceive an interaction with a company’s product, interface, design, service or services.

Reflection on the Topic

This section is a personal reflection on the knowledge you gained about the core topic or term being studied in module. The reflection should include:

1. User experience is related to the emotions that are from someone’s experience. Emotions and user experiences are very closely related to each other. It is a feeling which makes you feel sad, happy, angry etc.“Emotional interaction is concerned with how we feel and react when interacting with technology. It covers different aspects of the user experience, from how we fell when first finding out about a new product of getting rid of it.”( Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015, p. 132).
2. “User experience (UX) design is the process of creating products that provide meaningful and relevant experiences to users. This involves the design of the entire process of acquiring and integrating the product, including aspects of branding, design, usability, and function” (What is User Experience (UX) Design?).
3. User experience is when we experience something such as when we buy a new phone, it has new features, that is when we “user experience” it.

My Thought

“We all have been through using user experience. User experience  are also known as UX which focuses on having a deep understanding of users, what they need, what they value, their abilities, and also their limitations”(Firdous Ghani, 2018).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. What is User Experience (UX) Design? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/ux-design

What the term means:  Telepresence refers to “technologies that allow a user appear to be present, feel like they are present or have some effect in a space the person does not physically inhabit.” (What is Telepresence? – Definition from Technopedia) . It can include video teleconferencing tools, in easy words, video calling.

Reflection on the Topic

1. “An underlying principle was to make it seem like the person was actually there by making the surrogate look and sound like the remote person” (Preece, Rogers & Sharp, 2015). One serious problem with long-distance telepresence is the fact that data and control signals cannot travel faster than the speed of light in free space. It is very helpful if we use telepresence to get in touch with other people around the world. Telepresence has been suggested as a method of performing surgery by remote control, and as a method of performing nanoscale operations by scaling down the telechir by a factor of thousands or millions.
2. “One of the most innovative prototypes was BiReality, it was used for teleoperated mobile robotic surrogate to visit remote locations as a substitute for physical travels” (Jouppi et al, 2004).
3. “While HD Video Conferencing systems might require in addition to 1.5 Mbps per site, Telepresence systems may require about 15 to 20 Mbps of bandwidth per site” (What is Telepresence and what are its components?). Example of presence is explained in the below picture which indicates that it is like skype.

My Thought

“Telepresence are like skype, where we can have video conference while attending a meeting. It is a face-to-face conversation with the people who are far from us” (Firdous Ghani, 2018).

Reference List

1. Preece, Rogers & Sharp, (2015). Interaction and Design: Beyond human-computer interaction. West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2. What is Telepresence? – Definition from Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.technopedia.com/definition/14600/telepresence
3. What is Telepresence and what are its components? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.excitingip.com/344/what-is-telepresence-and-what-are-its-components/

https://www.excitingip.com/344/what-is-telepresence-and-what-are-its-components/